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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00027_Field_frep61.txt
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1996-12-30
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A TYPICAL NEURAL PATHWAY
This scanning electron
microscope picture shows a
neuromuscular junction in a
frog. The slender nerve fiber
curls down over two muscle
fibers, with the synapse at the
lower left of the picture.
Now that we know something
about impulses, synapses,
excitation, and inhibition, we
can begin to ask how nerve
cells are assembled into larger
structures. We can think of the
central nervous system--the
brain and spinal cord--as
consisting of a box with an
input and an output. The input
exerts its effects on special
nerve cells called receptors,
cells modified to respond to
what we can loosely term
"outside information" rather
than to synaptic inputs from
other nerve cells. This
information can take the form
of light to our eyes; of
mechanical deformation to our
skin, eardrums, or
semicircular canals; or of
chemicals, as in our sense of
smell or taste. In all these
cases, the effect of the stimulus
is to produce in the receptors
an electrical signal and
consequently a modification in
the rate of neurotransmitter
release at their axon terminals.
(You should not be confused
by the double meaning of
receptor; it initially meant a
cell specialized to react to
sensory stimuli but was later
applied also to protein
molecules specialized to react
to neurotransmitters.)
At the other end of the
nervous system we have the
output: the motor neurons,
nerves that are exceptional in
that their axons end not on
other nerve cells but on muscle
cells. All the output of our
nervous system takes the form
of muscle contractions, with
the minor exception of nerves
that end on gland cells. This is
the way, indeed the only way,
we can exert an influence on
our environment. Eliminate an
animal's muscles and you cut it
off completely from the rest of
the world; equally, eliminate
the input and you cut off all
outside influences, again
virtually converting the animal
into a vegetable. An animal is,
by one possible definition, an
organism that reacts to outside
events and that influences the
outside world by its actions.
The central nervous system,
lying between input cells and
output cells, is the machinery
that allows us to perceive,
react, and remember--and it
must be responsible, in the
end, for our consciousness,
consciences, and souls. One of
the main goals in neurobiology
is to learn what takes place
along the way--how the
information arriving at a
certain group of cells is
transformed and then sent on,
and how the transformations
make sense in terms of the
successful functioning of the
animal.